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Past research suggests that the need for sleep might only be dissipated by sleep itself 19, as sleep plays a vital role in neural homeostasis 20. Indeed, each hour spent awake comes at the cost of mounting sleep pressure. Interestingly, these studies seem to associate lapses with pressure for sleep, suggesting an involvement of fatigue. Furthermore, investigations of the sleep onset period (hypnagogia) indicate that subjective experiences resembling MW (focus on internally generated contents) and MB (loss of awareness) can both occur at the border between wakefulness and sleep 17, 18. Likewise, sleepiness has been associated with both MW and MB 15, 16 despite these two mental states being phenomenologically distinct 3. However, the fact that both sluggish and impulsive responses increase following sleep deprivation 12, 13 and in individuals with attentional deficits 6, 14 implies a common mechanism. Previous models of MW have proposed that MW and MB might arise in distinct neurophysiological states 3, 9, 10. MW) belong to a disparate family of behavioural and phenomenological events 7, 8, each of them associated with different physiological causes 9, 10, or whether they can be traced back to common underlying physiological causes 11. It is yet unclear whether these different types of attentional lapses (sluggish vs. Curiously, these behavioural failures can be accompanied by a lack of conscious awareness and the absence of mental activity (MB 3), or rich, spontaneous mental activity (MW 2). At the behavioural level, they can result in a lack of responsiveness or sluggish reactions, but they can also result in impulsive responses 6. The consequences of attentional lapses are very diverse. In this paper, we define lapses of attention as the shift of the focus of thoughts away from the task at hand or environmental demands. In fact, a characteristic feature of attention is its fleeting nature and the difficulty to maintain it on a task for long periods of time 1, 5. Shifts of attention towards the internal world, invoking MB and MW, can occur spontaneously without our knowledge or will 4. Recent investigations have also shown that the stream of thoughts can come to a pause when individuals who are awake are left with the feeling of an empty mind (mind blanking (MB)) 3. But attention can also turn inward, as is the case when we focus on internally generated task-unrelated thoughts, a phenomenon usually referred to as mind wandering (MW) 2. Attention can direct cognitive resources toward the external world and enable the selection and amplification of information relevant to an individual’s current behavioural goals 1. The human brain sustains the stream of our conscious experiences. Our results suggest attentional lapses share a common physiological origin: the emergence of local sleep-like activity within the awake brain. The location of slow waves could distinguish between sluggish and impulsive behaviours, and between mind wandering and mind blanking. Using high-density electroencephalography, we report here that spatially and temporally localized slow waves, a pattern of neural activity characteristic of the transition toward sleep, accompany behavioural markers of lapses and preceded reports of mind wandering and mind blanking. Random interruptions prompted participants to indicate their mental states as task-focused, mind-wandering or mind-blanking. To understand the neural mechanisms underlying attentional lapses, we studied the behaviour, subjective experience and neural activity of healthy participants performing a task. Attentional lapses occur commonly and are associated with mind wandering, where focus is turned to thoughts unrelated to ongoing tasks and environmental demands, or mind blanking, where the stream of consciousness itself comes to a halt.